1. What is geomorphology primarily concerned with?
a) Study of rocks
b) Study of Earth's surface features and processes
c) Study of weather patterns
d) Study of ocean currents
Answer: b) Study of Earth's surface features and processes
2. Which forces are responsible for building Earth's relief features?
a) Exogenic forces
b) Endogenic forces
c) Gravitational forces
d) Tidal forces
Answer: b) Endogenic forces
3. The Himalayas are growing due to the dominance of:
a) Exogenic forces
b) Endogenic forces
c) Weathering
d) Erosion
Answer: b) Endogenic forces
4. Which process involves the wearing down of Earth's relief features?
a) Diastrophism
b) Volcanism
c) Denudation
d) Orogeny
Answer: c) Denudation
5. What is the primary source of energy for exogenic processes?
a) Earth's core
b) Sun
c) Moon
d) Wind
Answer: b) Sun
6. Which of the following is an example of an orogenic process?
a) Earthquake
b) Mountain building
c) Plateau formation
d) Volcanic eruption
Answer: b) Mountain building
7. What is the main cause of earthquakes?
a) Weathering
b) Plate tectonics
c) Wind erosion
d) River deposition
Answer: b) Plate tectonics
8. Which of the following is NOT an endogenic process?
a) Diastrophism
b) Volcanism
c) Weathering
d) Orogeny
Answer: c) Weathering
9. Primordial heat and radioactive decay are sources of energy for:
a) Exogenic forces
b) Endogenic forces
c) Wind erosion
d) River meandering
Answer: b) Endogenic forces
10. Epeirogenic processes involve:
a) Mountain building
b) Vertical movements of continents
c) Volcanic eruptions
d) Earthquakes
Answer: b) Vertical movements of continents
11. Which of the following is an exogenic agent?
a) Magma
b) Running water
c) Earth's core heat
d) Plate tectonics
Answer: b) Running water
12. What is the collective term for exogenic processes?
a) Diastrophism
b) Denudation
c) Orogeny
d) Volcanism
Answer: b) Denudation
13. Which type of weathering involves chemical reactions?
a) Physical weathering
b) Biological weathering
c) Chemical weathering
d) Mechanical weathering
Answer: c) Chemical weathering
14. Exfoliation is a result of:
a) Biological weathering
b) Chemical weathering
c) Physical weathering
d) Volcanic activity
Answer: c) Physical weathering
15. What is the main force behind mass movements?
a) Wind
b) Gravity
c) Running water
d) Sunlight
Answer: b) Gravity
16. Which landform is typical of the youthful stage of a river?
a) Ox-bow lake
b) V-shaped valley
c) Floodplain
d) Delta
Answer: b) V-shaped valley
17. What is an entrenched meander?
a) A meander cut into bedrock
b) A meander filled with sediment
c) A meander in a floodplain
d) A meander formed by wind
Answer: a) A meander cut into bedrock
18. Which of the following is a depositional feature of rivers?
a) Gorge
b) Waterfall
c) Delta
d) Canyon
Answer: c) Delta
19. Ox-bow lakes are formed in which stage of a river?
a) Youthful
b) Mature
c) Old
d) All stages
Answer: c) Old
20. Which river is known for meandering in its youthful stage?
a) Ganges
b) Jhelum
c) Brahmaputra
d) Yamuna
Answer: b) Jhelum
21. What is a cirque?
a) A glacial valley
b) A depression at the head of a glacier
c) A sand dune
d) A river delta
Answer: b) A depression at the head of a glacier
22. Which landform is created by glacial erosion?
a) Moraine
b) Drumlin
c) Arête
d) Outwash plain
Answer: c) Arête
23. What is a tarn?
a) A glacial lake
b) A type of moraine
c) A sand dune
d) A river terrace
Answer: a) A glacial lake
24. Which of the following is a depositional glacial feature?
a) Horn
b) Hanging valley
c) Drumlin
d) Cirque
Answer: c) Drumlin
25. What is a glacial trough?
a) A U-shaped valley
b) A V-shaped valley
c) A sand dune
d) A river meander
Answer: a) A U-shaped valley
26. Karst topography is primarily associated with which type of rock?
a) Granite
b) Limestone
c) Sandstone
d) Basalt
Answer: b) Limestone
27. What is a stalactite?
a) A deposit on the floor of a cave
b) A deposit hanging from a cave ceiling
c) A sinkhole
d) A disappearing stream
Answer: b) A deposit hanging from a cave ceiling
28. Which of the following is an erosional feature of groundwater?
a) Stalagmite
b) Sinkhole
c) Pillar
d) Tufa bed
Answer: b) Sinkhole
29. Where is karst topography commonly found in India?
a) Himalayas
b) South India
c) Thar Desert
d) Gangetic Plain
Answer: b) South India
30. What is a doline?
a) A limestone pillar
b) A sinkhole
c) A sand dune
d) A glacial lake
Answer: b) A sinkhole
31. Which of the following is an erosional feature of sea waves?
a) Beach
b) Cliff
c) Spit
d) Barrier
Answer: b) Cliff
32. What is a stack?
a) A sand dune
b) An isolated pillar of rock in the sea
c) A glacial lake
d) A river delta
Answer: b) An isolated pillar of rock in the sea
33. Which landform is created by wind deposition?
a) Mushroom rock
b) Barchan
c) Lapies
d) Cirque
Answer: b) Barchan
34. What is a playa?
a) A desert lake
b) A sand dune
c) A glacial valley
d) A river terrace
Answer: a) A desert lake
35. Which of the following is a wind erosional feature?
a) Seif dune
b) Pedestal rock
c) Barrier island
d) Ox-bow lake
Answer: b) Pedestal rock
36. What is an alluvial fan?
a) A depositional feature of rivers
b) A glacial feature
c) A coastal feature
d) A wind feature
Answer: a) A depositional feature of rivers
37. Which landform is created by the deposition of sediment at a river's mouth?
a) Delta
b) Moraine
c) Drumlin
d) Cirque
Answer: a) Delta
38. What is a hanging valley?
a) A valley formed by wind
b) A valley formed by a tributary glacier
c) A river terrace
d) A sand dune
Answer: b) A valley formed by a tributary glacier
39. Which of the following is a tropical erosional feature?
a) V-shaped valley
b) Ox-bow lake
c) Moraine
d) Drumlin
Answer: a) V-shaped valley
40. What is a lagoon?
a) A glacial lake
b) A coastal water body separated by a barrier
c) A desert lake
d) A river meander
Answer: b) A coastal water body separated by a barrier
41. What is the primary driving force behind mass movements?
a) Wind
b) Gravity
c) Running water
d) Sunlight
Answer: b) Gravity
42. Which process involves the movement of particles down a slope?
a) Weathering
b) Erosion
c) Mass movement
d) Deposition
Answer: c) Mass movement
43. What is solifluction?
a) Rapid downhill movement of mud
b) Slow movement of soil due to freezing and thawing
c) Wind erosion
d) River deposition
Answer: b) Slow movement of soil due to freezing and thawing
44. Which of the following is a fast mass movement?
a) Creep
b) Landslide
c) Solifluction
d) Soil creep
Answer: b) Landslide
45. What is the main agent of erosion in deserts?
a) Running water
b) Wind
c) Glaciers
d) Groundwater
Answer: b) Wind
46. Which landform is created by glacial deposition?
a) Cirque
b) Moraine
c) Arête
d) Horn
Answer: b) Moraine
47. What is a tarn?
a) A glacial lake
b) A sand dune
c) A river delta
d) A sinkhole
Answer: a) A glacial lake
48. Which landform is associated with groundwater erosion?
a) Stalactite
b) Drumlin
c) Moraine
d) Alluvial fan
Answer: a) Stalactite
49. What is a barchan?
a) A crescent-shaped sand dune
b) A glacial valley
c) A river meander
d) A coastal cliff
Answer: a) A crescent-shaped sand dune
50. Which landform is created by sea wave deposition?
a) Stack
b) Beach
c) Cliff
d) Arch
Answer: b) Beach
51. What is the term for the process of mountain building?
a) Epeirogeny
b) Orogeny
c) Diastrophism
d) Volcanism
Answer: b) Orogeny
52. Which of the following is a result of chemical weathering?
a) Exfoliation
b) Oxidation
c) Frost shattering
d) Biological growth
Answer: b) Oxidation
53. What is the term for the slow movement of soil particles downhill?
a) Landslide
b) Creep
c) Mudflow
d) Avalanche
Answer: b) Creep
54. Which landform is created by wind erosion?
a) Drumlin
b) Mushroom rock
c) Moraine
d) Ox-bow lake
Answer: b) Mushroom rock
55. What is the term for a river valley that has been cut into bedrock?
a) Floodplain
b) Entrenched meander
c) Alluvial fan
d) Delta
Answer: b) Entrenched meander
56. Which of the following is NOT a depositional landform?
a) Delta
b) Moraine
c) Cirque
d) Alluvial fan
Answer: c) Cirque
57. What is the primary force behind exogenic processes?
a) Earth's internal heat
b) Sun
c) Moon
d) Wind
Answer: b) Sun
58. Which landform is created by river erosion in its youthful stage?
a) Ox-bow lake
b) Floodplain
c) V-shaped valley
d) Delta
Answer: c) V-shaped valley
59. What is the term for the wearing down of Earth's surface?
a) Diastrophism
b) Gradation
c) Orogeny
d) Volcanism
Answer: b) Gradation
60. Which of the following is a feature of karst topography?
a) Drumlin
b) Stalactite
c) Moraine
d) Alluvial fan
Answer: b) Stalactite